Smallpox Treatment Essay -- Vaccination Vaccine Variolation

Smallpox Treatment Smallpox has threatened our world for the past twelve thousand years. Treatments were desperately searched for until a cure called variolation was discovered. Variolation is the use of the virus placed into a being to which they will receive the illness to a lesser degree and overcome the illness forming an immunization to it. This process was started in China and went worldwide after Lady Montagu took the process from Turkey and informed the British about it. From here the process set fire and spread across Europe, curing many, but also killing them too. This new discovery opened a channel of research for many doctors, until in 1774 a farmer named Benjamin Jesty discovered that the lesser illness of cowpox could vaccinate one from smallpox. Jesty’s discovery plagued the world and set another opening for research, into which doctors searched for the best way to vaccinate citizens with. Vaccination helped a plethora of people until 1980 when the disease was finall y eradicated. However, smallpox’s ugly face reared itself just recently with the new threat of bioterrorism. Yet this will most likely not affect our society due to the huge amount of preparatory work that would need to be placed into a new smallpox outbreak. For the past twelve thousand years, Smallpox has obliterated societies with ease. Many civilizations found ways to inoculate their citizens with the least amount of symptoms through processes known as variolation and vaccination. Development of the treatment for smallpox mostly began in the end of the eighteenth century and continued through 1970s, until smallpox was eradicated in 1980. Smallpox is thought to have first started in Africa and then moved to... ... Vaccine. 1st ed. Vol. 1. London: Heinemann Educational Books Ltd, 1981. 1-196. Brannon, Heather. "The History of Smallpox." About.Com. 24 Sept. 2005. Health on the Net Foundation. 26 July 2007 smallpoxhx.htm>. "The First Recorded Smallpox Vaccination." The Dorset Page. 2000. The Dorset Page. 27 July 2007 . Krasner, Gary. "Smallpox Vaccination Dangers." NaturoDoc. 2007. NaturoDoc LLC. 27 July 2007 _vaccine.htm>. Ogden, Horace G.. CDC and the Smallpox Crusade. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1987. Razzell, Peter. Edward Jenner's Cowpox Vaccine: the History of a Medical Myth. 1st ed. Vol. 1. Great Britain: Caliban Books, 1977. 5-107.

Christianity and Islam: Beyond the Looking Glass Essay

Christianity and Islam are two of the world’s major religions that are often perceived as largely distinct in doctrines and practices. These two, are being regarded to have contradictory principles. But is the disparity of their beliefs truly that big? To have a deeper understanding of both religions, it would be best to consider their followers in the picture. Sad to say, some people equate the Muslims with terrorists. I have personally talked to friends who are afraid to ride a plane with Muslim co-passengers in it. Are these purely misconceptions because we have already established certain schema against the Muslims? Or are there truths in it on which such beliefs originated? If we are to read Suras 2:190-193, 2:216, 4:76, 5:32-36, 7:96-99, 8:12-14, 8:59, 8:65, 9:5, 9:14, 9:23-29, 9:38-41, 9:123, 47:4, 47:35, 61:4 and 66:9, many passages in the Quran exhort Muslims to kill infidels (non-Muslims), wherever they find them (Faithfacts, 2004). Some Arabic terms are only even softened sometimes by English translators who use â€Å"fight† instead of â€Å"kill†. In fact, Osama bin Laden was quoted as saying â€Å"I was ordered to fight the people until they say there is no god but Allah, and his prophet is Muhammad† in the famous videotape discovered in Afghanistan in the late 2001 (cited in â€Å"Fundamentalism, 2004). These words echo the language in the Quran itself and such calls to violence are not merely distortions of the Quran by extreme radicals who try to twist it for their violent ends because violence is an integral part of Islam. Even Muhammad himself laid the foundation for violence as seen in his deeds and commands, which are traceable in the hadiths. Furthermore, 11 percent of the pages of the Bukhari Hadiths mention the Holy War (jihad), which is a means to use violence in order to spread faith. However, it must be realized as well that violence is not unique to Islam for even the Bible has its share of violence, particularly in the Old Testament. In fact God instructs the Israelites coming out of Egypt to take over the land Christianity and Islam 2 of Canaan and kill all the inhabitants. There is a difference though between this and the Quranic violence because the Bible makes it clear that the Canaanite society deserved it as it was completely polluted by their wretchedly evil practices, including the horrible practice of child sacrifice as found in Deuteronomy 9:1-6, 12:29-31, 18:9-14, 1 Kings 14:24, Chronicles 33: 1-9, Ezra 9:11 (Faithfacts, 2004). Cases like these are particularly limited for a particular purpose established by God unlike the Quran, where we encounter general commands to kill and destroy the enemies of Islam that are applicable for all times, places and groups. Even then the fact remains that none of these religions are spared from committing violence, which proves that their disparity is not that big at all (cited in â€Å"Fundamentalism†, 2004). Another thing to consider is the difference in the practices and teachings of the subject religions’ prophets – Jesus of Christianity and Muhammad of Islam. If the latter has led at least 27 bloody invasions, assassinated many of his opponents during his lifetime and executed hundreds of captured men in his battle against the Quraiza Jews, Jesus’ teachings have remained consistent in maintaining its tone of peace, service, love and humility as found in the biblical passages that could be cited in Mathew 5:1-12, 5:43-44, 9:36, 19:30, 26:50-52, Mark 9:35, Luke 6:27-36, 9:54-55, 10:30-37, 22: 49-51, 23:32-34, John 10:7-18, 13:1-17, Galatians 5:22-23, Philippians 2:6-8, 1 Thessalonian 5:15, and 1 Peter 3:8-9 (The New Testament, 2008). There is nothing like the Christian concept of â€Å"love your enemies† or â€Å"turn your other cheek† (Luke 6:27-37) that can be found in Islam. While Christianity teaches its believers to love their neighbors as themselves (Matthew 19:19), the Quran instructs its followers not to even take Christians or Jews as friends (Suras 3:118, 5:51, 60:1-3). Jesus was even aware of this when he warned, â€Å"the time is coming when anyone who kills you will think he is offering a service to God† as cited in John 16:2-4 (The New Testament, 2008). Another notable point is the difference in both religions’ concept of charity. their followers to give alms to the poor but unlike the biblical concept where charity is not limited to any group (cited in â€Å"Luke† 10:30-37), the Muslims are taught to give alms to the Muslim poor only (cited in â€Å"Islam†, 2008). The two religions also have differences in their concept of justice and forgiveness. In the teachings of the New Testament as cited in Matthew 6:12, 14-15, the act of forgiveness is being given exceptional emphasis, â€Å"For if ye forgive men their trespasses, your heavenly father will also forgive you, but if ye forgive not men their trespasses, neither will your Father forgive your trespasses†. In the teachings of Islam as cited in Sura 5:38 â€Å"As for the man who steals and the woman who steals, cut of their hands as a punishment for what they have earned, an exemplary punishment from Allah; and Allah is Mighty, Wise†. Muslims do this even to their children if they steal out of hunger. They would not show compassion and feed the child but would instead sever their hands and wrists to drive home the lessons of Allah. Likewise, in the Old Testament as cited in Leviticus 19:11, â€Å"Ye shall not steal, neither deal falsely, neither lie to one another. If we analyze the above teachings, it is evident that both religions consider stealing as evil however, the Christians are more compassionate and subtle in dealing with it since the teachings of Jesus’ wants his followers to be forgiving. Another interesting difference is on how the two religions treat women and marriage. In Islam, a man can have up to four wives at the same time (Sura 4:3) and has the right to beat his disobedient wife until she obeys (Sura 4:34, Bukhari 8:68). Even Muhammad himself had thirteen wives, two concubines, and four women of uncertain relationships. (cited in â€Å"Fundamentalism†, 2004). In the teachings of Christianity, Jesus insisted on the sanctity of marriage (Mark 10:5-12), thus, in the Christian’s current practice, a couple has to undergo the process of divorce before they are allowed to remarry legally. Christianity also condones the abuse of women. The Christian teachings consider the fairness of men and women Christianity and Islam 4 (Matthew 5:32, 1 Corinthians 11:11-12, Galatians 3:28, Ephesians 5:25-33) unlike that of Islam, which does not give the wife the right to divorce her husband (Sura 2: 228). Islam even teaches that majority of the people in hell are women (Bukhari 1:28, 1:301, and 2:161). Christianity and Islam also differ in the way they consider the nature of God. While the former teaches that God is a Trinity – one God revealed in three persons or manifestations, Islam denies vehemently the doctrine and even considers it as blasphemy (Suras 4:171, 5:17, 5:72-75). However, it is interesting to note that Islam has a high regard of Jesus. What it denies is his divinity, and that he is the Son of God (Suras 9:30, 10:68, 19:35, 43:81-83). Another difference is that the God of the Bible is holy – perfect in all respects: moral, just, faithful, loving, all-knowing etc. (Hebrews 7:26), while the God of Quran does not always come as holy. He changes his mind, promises and does not offer assurance of salvation (Suras 4:116, 5:18, 9:15). In other words, he is arbitrary (cited in â€Å"Faitfacts†, 2004). Both religions also vary in their concept of salvation and heaven. Christianity teaches us that man cannot earn salvation. We need a savior to save us from sin thus, he sent Jesus, his only begotten son. As it says in the Bible â€Å"All of us have become like one who is unclean, and all our righteous acts are like filthy rags. † (Isaiah 64: 5-7) â€Å"But God demonstrated his love for us in this: while we were still sinners,Christ died for us. † (Romans 5:8). This belief is totally denied by Islam, even Jesus’ crucifixion (Sura 4:157). On the concept of heaven, the Muslim considers the paradise as a carnal and sensual place, where gorgeous palaces are found and wine are abundant. Christians, on the other hand see it as a place of bliss, where pain, and tears will be gone and men, women, and children will be treated equally. In the previous discussions, we have already noted several differences on the two religions, which in some instances also meet each other. However, we must also note that they are not just different. If we are to take a look at the beliefs of Christians and Muslims, we can see Christianity and Islam 5 that they have some commonalities. Both religions agree in some aspects: that there is one God who created the universe and is sovereign in the lives of men; God is the source of justice and morality; that his ultimate justice is dispensed via life after death in heaven and hell, and that things like pornography and unchaste living are pollutants to the society (cited in â€Å"faithfacts†, 2008). In other words, both religions believed in a supreme being, whether God or Allah. There is also an agreement that he is the creator of all things. Their teachings both acknowledge that there is good and evil, where the former is rewarded and the latter is punished. The forms of reward though, and punishment vary in both religions. Both also emphasizes that following the teachings would let the person experience heaven when he dies. It is clear that Christianity and Islam are not that different at all, neither is Islam an evil belief. The latter may have emphasized the role of violence in its teachings, but it still depends on how such is being interpreted and carried out. They might differ in many ways: nature of God; concept of justice; forgiveness and more, but we still could not discount the fact that both are religions with followers that are humans, Christians and Muslims, no matter what doctrines they follow, also need respect. They may not necessarily agree with each other but there is still a point of agreement as exemplified by their similarities. The issue is therefore, not a question of which belief is right a wrong, nor is it about superiority or inferiority. What matters most is that we are guided by our beliefs and in doing this, we do not do actions that would harm the other. References Daniel, Abu Yusuf. , Isma’il Kaka, Abu Maryam. , & Squires Robert, Abu Iman. (n. d). Misconceptions about Islam. Retrieved February 17, 2008, from http://www.geocities.com/window2islam/miscon.html

The Evil of Human Trafficking - 996 Words

Introduction Human Trafficking is one of the most heinous crimes that operate over transnational boundaries. The act of human trafficking is highlighted as a criminalized activity according to the article 5 of the Trafficking in Persons Protocol set out by United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime. While Human Trafficking is generally attributed to the Less Developed Countries. This is because the socio economic dynamics along with weaker law and order situation provide a strong environment for this activity to take place. That said the developed countries have an equally important role to play in the prevalence of Human Trafficking. What is Human Trafficking? As implied by the word, and in simple words, human trafficking involves smuggling of human individuals across Trans national boundaries. However, over the years it has been realized that there are far more other angles to human trafficking beyond mere smuggling. For this reason, the United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime has given a comprehensive definition of human trafficking under the article 3 of its Trafficking in Persons Protocol. According to the definition given by the United Nations, the act of human trafficking involves, recruiting, transporting, harboring, transferring or receiving of persons by means of fraud, exploitation, force, coercion, threat, deception, or offering of some kind of unlawful benefits (Potts, 2003). Generally, human trafficking is done for the purpose of prostitution, slavery orShow MoreRelatedHuman Trafficking : An Illegal Movement Of People1396 Words   |  6 Pagesevents in which someone has been abducted, beaten, and e ven murdered. We observe the effects of evil from our living room and wish there was a way to better the issues that feel heavy with our hearts. We begin to dread the days that follow because we fear the next headline will be news of a loved one. It reaches a point where everything feels as if it has collapsed inside and there is no fix. Human trafficking is one out of many of those issues, but with the help of those who feel lost and weak becauseRead MoreHuman Trafficking : Women Sold Into Prostitution Trades1199 Words   |  5 PagesHuman Trafficking: Women sold into Prostitution Trades Introduction Historical Background. First off, prostitution has existed even before Christ set foot on this earth. The term is beyond ancient and has a long-term historic footprint around the world. Over the years women have a long history being apart of sex trafficking whether it’s self volunteered or forcefully. Regardless of the laws that have been established to help decrease to eliminate what is still becoming a hot topic problem in theRead MoreA Speech On Human Trafficking1256 Words   |  6 PagesHuman trafficking is the illegal transport of people from one place to the other, mainly for forced labor or commercial sexual exploitation. Human trafficking is a multi-facetted social evil perpetrated against the vulnerable and economic disadvantaged group of people on our globe, with women and children the most affected. It involves the use of force, fraud, seduction or coercion to obtain some type of commercial sex act. It is estimated 21 million people are victims of hu man trafficking worldwideRead MoreHuman Trafficking Is A Serious Violation Of Human Rights1639 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Human trafficking involves the recruitment, transportation, harbouring and/ or exercising control, direction or influence over the movements of a person in order to exploit that person, typically through sexual exploitation or forced labour† (Public Safety Canada, 2015). It is also called a modern form of slavery. According to one estimate about 2.4million people around the globe are trafficked annually (Golbya, Sian Hsiang-Te Zacharias, 2015). In Canada alone, currently, 56 human trafficking casesRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Prostitution1061 Words   |  5 Pagesbreak the spirit of girls, through humiliation, rape, threats, and violence† (Kristof, 2009, p. 10). Violence comes to those women there on their own accord or those forced and trafficked. While legalizing prostitution could possibly allow for human trafficking to be monitored more clo sely, it feeds into the demand. Logically, legalizing sex work will increase the demand. Since it is legal, people who would otherwise refrain from going to a brothel because it is illegal are now much more likely toRead MoreLegalization Of Prostitution And Prostitution1612 Words   |  7 Pagessubject to a penalty. Prostitution has been condemned as a single form of human rights abuse, and an attack on the dignity and worth of human beings, while other schools of thought state that sex work is a legitimate occupation; whereby a person trades or exchanges sexual acts for money and/or goods. Some believe that women in developing countries are especially vulnerable to sexual exploitation and human trafficking, while others distinguish this practice from the global sex industry, in whichRead MoreHuman Trafficking Is A Form Of Modern Slavery937 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Human slavery is a robust, multi-billion dollar industry- only drugs and weapon dealing are more profitable,† said Dr. Noel Busch-Armendariz. Human trafficking is expected to have generated 32 Billion US dollars (â€Å"Factsheet†). Abducting humans into forced labor of any kind that generates this much money is absurd. Slavery has been illegal since 1865, however human trafficking is growing rapidly in the U nited States because of crime, poverty, and gangs. Human trafficking isn’t a well-known crimeRead MoreChild Welfare Committee / Juvenile Justice Board968 Words   |  4 Pagesfocus on the prevention of trafficking among children and protection of the child victims are: ï‚ § SAARTHAK: working in Delhi focus on providing mental health resources and process for the victims after rescued. ï‚ § RESCUE FOUNDATION: working in Maharashtra and runs shelter home with facilities such as counseling, training (vocational and life-skills), legal assistance, health care services (physical and psychological) and consequent repatriation. ï‚ § PRAJWALA: anti trafficking organisation based in HyderabadRead MoreHuman Trafficking : A Modern Form Of Slavery924 Words   |  4 Pages PRESENT HUMAN SLAVERY ISN’T JUST ABOUT SEX TRAFFICKING, UP TO 27 MILLION PEOPLE ARE FORCED INTO LABOR IN THE GLOBAL ECONOMY, FROM TOMATOES TO ELECTRONICS TO AMERICAN MILITARY CONTRACTING IN PLACES LIKE IRAQ. AS AMERICANS THINK ABOUT HUMAN TRAFFICKING, THEY ARE INCLINED TO THINK ABOUT SEXUAL SLAVERY. IN FACT THE ACTUAL STORIES OF GIRLS SOLD OFF TO BROTHELS OR TRICKED INTO TAKING PART INTO PROSTITUTION BY GANGSTERS IS GREAT FEED FOR JOURNALISTS. THIS APPEALS TO A CERTAIN TYPE OF CELEB COMMITMENT THATRead MoreHuman Trafficking1210 Words   |  5 Pages2012 Human Trafficking â€Å"It is estimated that over 27 million slaves exist all over the world today† (Yea 3). This is the greatest amount of slaves in any point in history. Despite efforts from all over the world, human trafficking has become more prevalent overtime and a majority of the population is unaware. Because it is a major global problem in the world today, it is important to be aware of basic facts, prevention, protection and the prosecution of human trafficking. Human trafficking is

The Postclassical Period - 2238 Words

CCOT 2012 Changes and continuities from the classical to the post-classical cover a wide range of political, cultural, religious and economic shifts as populations grew and societies became more complex. The classical empires of Rome, Han China, Gupta India and Archaemenid Persia fell due to external and internal forces and were replaced by the larger empires of the post classical Byzantine; Tsui, Tang and Song in China and the Caliphates in Persia. Only India did not return to an over reaching centralized empire. During the post-classical Dar el-Islam united much of Eurasia with a single religious adherence to Islam. Also, the largest empire the world was ever to see, the Mongols, rose during the†¦show more content†¦In fact the sole purpose of these kingdoms was trade and they were little interested in administering their kingdoms for any other purpose. Conquest as a source of revenue was not needed as they could bring in wealth through trade relations. One of the greatest changes in the post classical period was the rise of Islam that spread across Eurasia and Africa. Even after the Islamic Empire, Dar al-Islam, had begun to lose power by 850 Islam continued to spread, unifying diverse societies and ethnicities through the commonality of culture and religion. Changes in political and cultural traditions during the post-classical period occurred in Africa because of intensive Islamic contact. When Arab conquerors introduced the Islamic faith into northern Africa, they expanded the region of commerce. Muslim merchants established trading centers for copper, iron, salts, and cotton textiles. The newly established trade affected traditional social and religious beliefs. After 1000 C.E., the kin-based social structure experienced difficult challenges. Increased conflict between peoples led to the creation of military forces for both offensive and defensive use. This led to the formation of chiefdoms exhibiting more formal structures of governing such as in the kingdoms of Kongo, Ghana, and Mali. Because most traders were Muslim, many African societies converted to Islam to improve their relations with theShow MoreRelatedThe Islam During The Postclassical Period916 Words   |  4 PagesThe prophet Muhammad founded the religion known as Islam d uring the postclassical period. He claimed to hear voices while meditating alone and believed this voice to be that of a higher being. He declared himself the last prophet and formed the Islamic religion on the belief that at the end of time, on Judgment Day, everyone would be resurrected and either have eternal punishment in hellfire or eternal joy in paradise. Islam grew in popularity around the world when Muslim merchants spread acrossRead MoreWomens Roles in the Postclassical Period by Religion Essay844 Words   |  4 PagesChristian laws where it states, Men are to be punished more severely for adultery than women (137). This is an incredible law due to the fact that it was the exact opposite in many other cultures throughout history. Throughout almost every time period in history, and in nearly all world cultures women have always been thought of as being lower than men. Most societies are patriarchal and leave men as the powerful decision makers. This idea has only recently started to change more towards equalityRead MoreEssay about The Postclassical World: Western Europe785 Words   |  4 PagesIn regard to the rest of the postclassical world, Western Europe was well behind politically, economically and technologically. It chose to adapt the advancements of other civilizations rather than creating its own. Yet because of their geographical position and lack of political unity, Western Europe was not required to be as advanced as the rest of the postclassical world. Instead, Western Europe was defined by a desire to emulate the Roman Empire, Christian authority, learning and philosophy andRead MoreThe Later Years Of The Postclassical Era943 Words   |  4 Pages The Later Postclassical Era The in the later years of the postclassical era introduces the human generation a new way to live, cities became vastly important for trades for merchants and foreigners, and how different states reacted to the change by making laws that would be applicable for their own self interests. Among the trades and policy’s. Expansion became vitally important, for many states and regions, the essay will present a big picture of how the later postclassical era innovated manyRead MoreByzantine Empire vs China1272 Words   |  6 PagesHistory, the period that came along was the Postclassical Period. This period, within the year 500 CE and 1450 CE, was built up by â€Å"third-wave civilizations†. In other words, it was built up by large empires characterized by constant patterns of change, trade, and considerable changes in technologies. In 1492 CE these civilizations got global, meaning that the interactions among these different societies stopped being regional. Two empires who were very important during the Postclassical Period were theRead MoreThe Image of Medieval Western Europe Essay769 Words   |  4 Pageseconomic, and cultural factors. The impulse of expansion, unity under Christianity, trade, and education were key developments within the factors. Ultimetly, these developments contributed to the advancement of medieval western Europe in the postclassical period. The medieval government in western Europe exercised feudalism which also established the structure of political powers. Kings held the most authority while lords and knights were above peasants. These relationships were able to continue sinceRead MoreArt : The Art Of Art1631 Words   |  7 Pagesart come out of the Americas was the visual arts of the people of the Caribbean, Central, North and South Americas. This type of art refers to all art produced until the late 15th century, and occasionally till the very early 16th. The end of this period of art is notably marked by the untimely arrival of the notorious western explorer Christopher Columbus’ landing in the Americas. The European discovery and exploration, or conquests of the Americas pre-Columbian art flourished all throughout bothRead Moreworld Hisotry DBQ on post-classical period1074 Words   |  5 PagesPrinciples and Religions of the Postclassical Period While in Islamic, Chinese and part of Muslim believe in the principle of treating women as equal counterparts to their men, that the men support the women and that women are able to manage finances of the family, weather the man was dead, stupid or overbearing, and in Eastern, Western Europe and part of Muslim believe that the treatment of women is that they are less than a men, they are stupid because their obligation is not filled becauseRead MoreThe Byzantine Empire And Islamic Calliphates1023 Words   |  5 Pageswhich maintained a high level of discipline, strategies prowess, and organization. The Rashidun army was the most prominent and effective military force in the world since both of these empires were so strong it helped develop major empires in the postclassical world. Islam dominated one third of the old world and at its height it reached from the Atlantic Ocean on the West, across North Africa and the Middle East, to central Asia on the East. Emperor Justinian used Chr istianitys desire to reclaim RomeRead MoreCh 13 Hw1275 Words   |  6 Pagesbakufu, a separate military government at Kamakura. Although the emperor and his court were retained, real power subsided in the bakufu and with the Minamoto and their allies. 3. What was the nature of Japanese society and economy during the period of the daimyos? Under the daimyos, warfare changed from heroic combat to a more modern conflict. The constant state of war damaged the Japanese economy and because of that, some peasants engaged in futile rebellions against their military warlords

A Gift of Life Essay examples - 1863 Words

Organ donation is a big decision but Jason Ray decided that when it was his time to join God, he wanted to help save the lives of others. March 26, 2007 was a day full of sorrow but also a day for a new beginning. Jason Ray, a beloved son and UNC basketball team mascot, was killed unexpectedly while walking down the shoulder on Route 4. On his way back to the hotel to join the rest of the team, Ray was hit from behind by a reckless driver. The result was a cracked skull and an extreme brain injury. He was in a coma for several days when a doctor finally approached the Ray family and said, â€Å"Im going to do everything I can to save your son, but Im not God and this is going to take His intervention, because Ive never seen someone injured†¦show more content†¦That is 100,000 people who could die without receiving that vital transplantation. Organ donation can save the lives of those 100,000 people. There are two ways to donate. The first way is to be a dead donor, which me ans after a person dies their organs would be donated to others in need. About ninety percent of organ donations come from people who have been considered â€Å"brain dead.† A person who is brain dead needs a machine that will breathe for them otherwise they will have no heart beat or organ functions (Dubois) Brain death is said to occur when several tests are fulfilled: there is a known cause compatible with irreversible loss of brain function, there are no factors confounding the examination of brain function, there is loss of consciousness, there is loss of brainstem reflexes including spontaneous breathing, and these are diagnosed as irreversible (Joffe). People who have died from brain death are the perfect candidates for organ donation. A person’s organs are still perfectly intact but the person is non-responsive or cannot function on their own. If a person is announced brain dead and is a donor, their organs can be taken immediately and sent to a hospital where they are needed in order to save someone else’s life (Bresnhan). Organ donation is a kind gesture that everyone should be a part of. People that die have no say when or how it will happen. People that are brain dead, though, can saveShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Gift of Life 2039 Words   |  9 Pageshis mother wanted to move back home.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Home was Grahamn, Missouri. In his mind the fun, warm, southern town he had only seen on The Andy Griffith Show. He had mixed feelings about moving to this place, meeting new people, and starting a new life. His mother knew most of the people in Grahamn, because she grew up there. He, on the other hand, only knew his grandmother. They planned to move in with her until they could find a place of their own. He wasnt worried about that, he was worried aboutRead MoreThe Greatest Gift Of Life998 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout my life, many people try to figure out who I really am; when I didn’t even know who I was. There is one person who knows who I really am and that is my best friend, Danny. Friendship is a special love. As we all know finding a true friend is always hard. So when one is found, it is important to hang on tight. The greatest gift of life is friendship, and I have received it. I will be remembered for being confident, strong, and a gi rl that had all the answers. No one had fully ever understoodRead MoreLife Is A Glorious Gift928 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is life? It is such a simple question, but so difficult to answer. To some people it is a glorious gift to be enjoyed to the fullest each and every day, but to others, life is a sentence—a punishment from which they cannot wait to escape. How could two people have such different views on this topic? Sitting in the bright white office, I leant back and spun my chair, gazing at the midnight blue chairs, lime green couch, and the contrasting branch wall as I thought oh so curiously about life and itsRead MoreThe Ultimate Gift: The Gift of life-Organ Donation1075 Words   |  5 Pageshappen in their life but in reality we are not invincible and accidents do happen and your time will come to end sometime. The act of organ donation is a compassionate and the humane choice for a person to make. Transplantation is a modern medical marven. Despite continuing adv ances in medicine and technology, the need for organs and tissue is vastly greater than the number available for transplantation. You can give someone the ultimate gift after you have left this earth - the gift of life. To understandRead MoreThe Sources And Outcomes Of The Gift Of Life Essay1509 Words   |  7 PagesThe Sources and Outcomes of the Gift of Life. Organ donations stimulate positivity for the terminally ill despite all the challenges that derive prior. It can persevere the gift of life or duration period of time. The transplantation industry process may have a divine outcome before it withstands various undergoes. Organ donation sources may not be measured according to the demand or advantages, the transplantation organ shortage obstacles, independent characteristics or incentives, or social costRead MoreAdoption Is The Greatest Gift Of Life984 Words   |  4 PagesAdoption not Abortion Life is giving to one to one to live freely. Parents are the greatest gift to life. Nevertheless, society questions, do adopted children feel the same? Being adopted is not easy or fun it’s full of chances to take saying because one never knows what’s to come. Adoption helps mothers who cannot have children, for mothers who cannot take care of their child, and for the child to be in a better environment than what he or she was in. 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So when one is found, it is important to hang on tight. The greatest gift of life is friendship, and I have received it. I will be remembered for being confident, strong, and a girl that had all the answers. No one had fully ever understoodRead MoreBlood Donation: The Gift of Life1127 Words   |  5 Pagesissues and accidents. About 40, 000 pints of blood are disbursed every day in the United States alone. Studies show that 1 out of every 7 people in the hospital need some nature of blood transfusion. Facts support that you could save a single baby’s life with only 3 teaspoons of blood, and approximately 20 blood donations can help 1 burn victim. Blood only persists over a 42-day period so all of it goes to use in some way. This brief time span is why it is important that we continue to donate andRead MoreLife Is A Precious Gift From God1633 Words   |  7 Pages â€Å"The truth that life is a precious gift from God has profound implications for the question of stewardship over human life. 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Abolishing Capital Punishment Essay Example For Students

Abolishing Capital Punishment Essay The use of capital punishment has been a permanent fixture in society sincethe earliest civilizations and continues to be used as a form of punishment incountries today. It has been used for various crimes ranging from the desertionof soldiers during wartime to the more heinous crimes of serial killers. However, the mere fact that this brutal form of punishment and revenge has beenthe policy of many nations in the past does not subsequently warrant itsimplementation in todays society. The death penalty is morally and sociallyunethical, should be construed as cruel and unusual punishment since it is bothdiscriminatory and arbitrary, has no proof of acting as a deterrent, and risksthe atrocious and unacceptable injustice of executing innocent people. As longas capital punishment exists in our society it will continue to spark theinjustice which it has failed to curb. Capital punishment is immoral and unethical. It does not matter whodoes the killing because when a life is taken by another it is always wrong. Bykilling a human being the state lessens the value of life and actuallycontributes to the growing sentiment in todays society that certain individualsare worth more than others. When the value of life is lessened under certaincircumstances such as the life of a murderer, what is stopping others fromcreating their own circumstances for the value of ones life such as race, class,religion, and economics. Immanual Kant, a great philosopher of ethics, came upwith the Categorical Imperative, which is a universal command or rule thatstates that society and individuals must act in such a way that you can willthat your actions become a universal law for all to follow (Palmer 265). Theremust be some set of moral and ethical standards that even the government can notsupersede, otherwise how can the state expect its citizens not to follow its ownexample . Those who support the death penalty believe, or claim to believe, thatcapital punishment is morally and ethically acceptable. The bulk of theirevidence comes from the Old Testament which actually recommends the use ofcapital punishment for a number of crimes. Others also quote the SixthCommandment which, in the original Hebrew reads, Thou Shall Not Commit Murder.However, these literal interpretations of selected passages from the Bible whichare often quoted out of context corrupt the compassionate attitude of Judaismand Christianity, which clearly focuses on redemption and forgiveness, and urgeshumane and effective ways of dealing with crime and violence. Those who use theBible to support the death penalty are by themselves since almost all religiousgroups in the United States regard executions as immoral. They include,American Baptist Churches USA, American Jewish Congress, California CatholicCouncil, Christian reformed Church, Episcopal Church, Lutheran Church in America,Mennonite General Conference, National Council of Churches of Christ in the USA,Northern Ecumenical Council, Presbyterian Church (USA), Reformed Church ofAmerica, Southern California Ecumenical Council, Unitarian/UniversalistAssociation, United Church of Christ, and the United Methodist Church (DeathPenalty Focus). Those that argue that the death penalty is ethical state that formergreat leaders and thinkers such as George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, BenjaminFranklin, Kant, Locke, Hobbes, Rousseau, Montesquieu, and Mill all supported it(Koch 324). However, Washington and Jefferson, two former presidents andadmired men, both supported slavery as well. Surely, the advice of someone whoclearly demonstrated a total disregard for the value of human life cannot beconsidered in such an argument as capital punishment. In regard to thephilosophers, Immanuel Kant, a great ethical philosopher stated that the motivesbehind actions determine whether something is moral or immoral (Palmer 271). The motives behind the death penalty, which revolve around revenge and thefrustration and rage of people who see that the government is not coping withviolent crime, are not of good will, thereby making capital punishment immoralaccording to ethical philosophy (Bruck 329). The question of whether executions are a cruel form of punishment mayno longer be an argument against capital punishment now that it can be done withlethal injections, but it is still very unusual in that it only applies to aselect number of individuals making the death penalty completely discriminatoryand arbitrary. After years of watching the ineffectiveness of determining whoshould be put to death, the Supreme Court in the1972 Furman v. Georgia decisioninvalidated all existing death sentence statues as violative of the EighthAmendments ban on cruel and unusual punishment and thus depopulated state deathrows of 629 occupants (Berger 352). This decision was reached not because itwas believed that the death penalty was intrinsically cruel and unusual butbecause, as Justice Stewart put it, the death penalty as actually applied wasunconstitutionally arbitrary (Berger 353). Local politics, money, race, andwhere the crime is committed can often play a more decisive role in sentencingsome one to death than the actual facts of the crime. According to AmnestyInternational, the death penalty is a lethal lottery: just one out of every onehundred people arrested for murder is actually executed (Death Penalty Focus). Critical thinking about nofault law in divorce EssayAnother response to the fact that innocent people have been executed isthat the small number of innocents executed outweighs the number of lives thatwill be saved since the possibility of being executed will deter others fromcommitting a murder, and also lives will be saved since that murderer cannotkill again. Scientific studies have failed to prove that executions deter otherpeople from committing crime. According to Dr. Ernest van den Haag, a well-known scholar in favor of the death penalty, one cannot claim that it has beenproved statistically that the death penalty does deter more than alternativepenalties (Haag 338). However, Haag supports his stand on the death penalty bystating that, when they have the choice between life and death, 99 percent ofall prisoners under sentence of death prefer life in prison. This statisticproves nothing but the fact that man has an innate desire for survival. Thoseasked the question have alre ady committed the crime and thus does not reflectthe sentiment of those considering a crime. Also, people often kill when undergreat emotional stress or under the influence of drugs or alcohol times whenthey are not thinking of the consequences (Death Penalty Focus). Careercriminals and those that plan a crime do not expect to get caught, thus makingthe consequences an invalid issue. In response to the fact that a executed murderer will never kill again,society must ask itself whether it is morally and ethically acceptable to riskkilling an innocent person when an alternative such as life imprisonment withoutpossibility of parole exists. In California since 1978, more than 1,000 peoplehave received this alternate sentence which includes no appeals process. Thepublic can be assured that those who commit heinous murders and receive thissentence will never be free again. According to Death Penalty Focus, a recentField Poll showed support for the death penalty plummeted when alternativesentencing is available. Just 29 percent favored death over life without paroleplus requiring the defendant to work in prison and give part of his earnings asrestitution to the families of his victims.The use of capital punishment has endured throughout the ages, yet itsuse today in a civilized society should no longer be acceptable to morally andethically conscience individuals. The v ast majority of countries in WesternEurope and North and South America more than 80 nations worldwide haveabandoned capital punishment, yet the United States remains an avid supporter incompany with countries such as Iran, Iraq, and China as one of the major usersof capital punishment (Death Penalty Focus). The use of the death penalty inits discriminatory and arbitrary methods only magnifies inequalities of racethat persist in the criminal justice system and in American society generally(Berger 355). Even with the death of a guilty man, innocence is lost, for evenEdward Koch admits that the death of anyone even a convicted killer diminishes us all. But it is a sad commentary on the state of this countrywhen we are willing to accept the avoidable death of an innocent man and allowthe death penalty to continue to create and perpetuate injustice.Works CitedBerger, Vivian, Rolling the Dice to Decide Who Dies, New York State BarJournal, October 1988. Bruck, David, The Death Penalty, The New Republic, May 20, 1985. Death Penalty Focus (DPF), Myths and Facts about Californias Death Penalty,pamphletKoch, Edward, Death and Justice: How Capital Punishment Affirms Life, The NewRepublic, April 15, 1985. Nathanson, Stephen, What If the Death Penalty Did Save Lives? An Eye for anEye? The Morality of Punishing by Death, 1987. Palmer, Donald, Does the Center Hold? An Introduction to Western Philosophy,Mayfield Publishing Company, London, 1996. Van den Haag, Ernest, The Death Penalty Pro and Con: A Debate, 1983. Category: Law

Understanding Oil and Gas Petroleum Products

Question: Describe about the Understanding Oil and Gas forSupply Chain of Petroleum Products. Answer: Introduction The oil and gas industry of the UK benefits the lives of citizen in various ways. The products are catered to the modern society, energy supply to power industry and transport fuel (Ruqaishi and Bashir 2013). By the help of extensive usage of supply chain, this sector employs numerous people to contribute in the UK economy relating to tax revenues, exports and technology. In this report, a description of the history and structure of the oil and gas industry will be presented. The difference between the supply chain of petroleum products and natural gas will be discussed along with a comparison to contrast the characteristics of National Oil Companies, International Oil Companies and Government-Sponsored Enterprises. Finally, a brief reflection will be provided in relation to self-career aspirations in the oil and gas industry. Oil and Gas Industry History In the year 1908, Newton Abbot discovered oil in the Persian Gulf and from there by the influence of Britain the oil and gas industry has transformed itself largely (Arapostathis et al. 2013). In the 17th Century, the owner of Kimmeridge oil shade started utilizing oil as fuel for boiling seawater and glass making (Pollitt and Haney 2013). After that, in the year 1848, Bituminous Shale Company started exploring and exporting oil, which helped in feeding 130 gas lamps in the UK street (Kern, Kuzemko and Mitchell 2014). From then, the importance of oil and gas industry started to grow over 3 million oil shale tons, which was further contributed in constructing the Heathfield Railway Station. In this way, the United Kingdom Oil and Gas (UKOG) Industry accelerated to serve for 250 operating wells in 120 onshore oil and gas sites. From late back, the UKOG industry produces 1.4 oil equivalent barrels of which 59% is oil or liquids (Ghandi and Lin 2014). Structure The Oil and Gas industry structure is composed of the following: Serial Number Structure Composition 1 Power generation Rivalry between power plants; regulation and deregulation. Access to distribution network and transmission as a necessity. 2 Transmission Networks 220 Kv and 400 Kv trunk network. Regulation requirements. Network Monopoly. Profitability determination. 3 Distribution 110 kv- owned by distributors. Regulation can be restructured if sales competition increases. 4 Trade Total competition allowed. Regulation necessity with each segment is interlinked. Table 1: Distributive Structure of Oil and Gas Industry in UK (Source: Tordo et al. 2013) The Oil and Gas structure for business is composed of electricity and natural gas, which can be simplified with the following diagram. Figure 1: Oil and Gas Industry Structure (Source: Shuen, Feiler and Teece 2014) From the above structure, it is evident that the UKOG industry supports the two most important sectors, which are electricity and natural gas. Natural gas is both stored and traded in other nations so that sustained economy is persistent in the UK. Supply Chain Petroleum products The supply chain of petroleum products consists of purchasing crude, crude storage and refining. Crude is purchased from top suppliers such as the UK Universal Group, Prax petroleum and Exxonmobil (Yusuf et al. 2014). After that, separate stakeholders ensure storage of the products. Distribution planning is the final stage after the manufacturing process of petroleum, which is distributed through the transport department to the respective countries. (Demski, Poortinga and Pidgeon 2014). The petroleum supply chain is consisted of four factors, which are: Exploration Geological, geophysical and seismic operation Production Engineering process through drilling, reservoir, production and facilities Refining Complex operation resulting to output for marketing Marketing Retail sale consisted of engine oil, gasoline and other refined products Table 2: Supply Chain Factors (Source: Yusuf et al. 2013) Figure 2: Supply Chain of Petroleum Products (Source: Yusuf et al. 2013) Natural Gas The natural gas supply chain consists of three stages, which are production and processing, transmission and storage and distribution. Serial Number Stages Underline processes 1 Production and processing 1. Well and drilling Completion. 2. Gathering lines. 3. Producing wells. 4. Gathering stations. 5. Gas processing plant. 2 Transmission and storage 6. Transmission Compressor Stations. 7. Pipeline Transmission. 8. Storage (Underground). 3 Distribution 9. Distribution Mains. 10. Regulators and meters. Table 3: Supply Chain Process of Natural Gas (Source: Yusuf et al. 2014) From the above table, it is understood that processing, transmission and distribution are the three stages, which are quite different from the petroleum products supply chain. Crude oil is purchased, stored and then refined in the petroleum industry, whereas in natural gas industry, oil is liquefied and then transmitted through the pipeline (Yusuf et al. 2014). There is no refining process in natural gas but only liquefying process, which is quite different from the petroleum industry. The supply chain process of natural gas is produced in Appendix 1, where it can be found that gas is produced from wells and are then processed in gas plants. On the contrary, in petroleum industry, crude is purchased and finally refined and only after that, it is transferred through road or tanker transportation (Logan et al. 2013). Natural gas is processed through liquefaction and then is transferred for marketing. Characteristics National Oil Companies (NOC) NOCs are the strong energy sector, which act as the net hydrocarbon exporter. High differences prevail in NOCs regarding their performance to achieve commercial and non-commercial objectives. NOCs are rapidly becoming commercial in nature. NOCs are operating to compete against each other to set a competitive benchmark. Such companies are trying to position operators and partners. Highly competitive in global business. They act as the partner of IOCs. Has to face a lot of issues related to environmental protections and transparency. Certainly impact on the operations of International Oil Companies (Fidler and Noble 2012). International Oil Companies (IOC) IOCs are pressurized by broad social and economic participations from the developing countries. Act as the part of upstream oil and gas companies. Consist of full cycle of operation including exploration, production, transport and storage and finally marketing and sales. Vertical Integration is the vital characteristic of IOC. Operation requires huge investment for new market entry, including gas-to-liquid and liquefied natural gas (LNG). IOCs are confronted by the turning down of their reserves substitution ratios from their accessible oil fields. Operations are highly risky and sensitive and therefore, investments are unstable. Production costs rise with the rise in risk. IOCs usually invest more in the RD category so that in-house investments are boosted (Cruz and Krausmann 2013). Government-Sponsored Enterprises Such companies are not highly competitive. Companies are mainly financial service corporation. Main function is to enhance credit flow to targeted economy sectors. Such companies reduce the risk of capital losses. These companies are quite different from oil companies and the operation is related to only the government bodies (Tang, Snowden and Hook 2013). Thus, from the discussion, it is sure that all the three sectors are quite different from each other in terms of operation and services. NOCs are competing with each other, whereas IOCs are facing challenges while operating in different countries (Dholakia et al. 2015). NOCs are facing competitive challenge and IOCs are facing financial challenges and investment risks. On the other hand, Government-Sponsored Enterprises are completely different in terms of operation and services, as they are linked with financial services (Merrill and Schizer 2013). Furthermore, it can be said that Government-Sponsored Agencies are providing financial services to the oil companies so that investment related considerations are made. Reflection Oil and gas companies are rapidly increasing their operation in the UK and in other international developing countries such as India (Bergh et al. 2014). Therefore, I find a huge prospect in establishing my career in the oil and gas industry. With the advancement of technology, natural gas has become the perfect energy resource in industry related to power generation. The Oil and Gas sector is wide range and highly sophisticated in numerous countries in the world (Mitchell and Mitchell 2014). Therefore, for me it will be the opportunity to experience wide range of domains and trainings from experts, which will be accompanied by pastures and better jobs along with wide range of workers. Finally, to be specific, for my career growth, I found that the following points would be highly promising: Ongoing education and training in the most advanced sector. Rapid opportunity to enhance my skill with the organization. A well trained management team for career growth of employees. Great opportunity to get mentored and monitored by industrial experts. Safety, health and insurance plans. Specialization and education support. Employee assistance programs which are multifaceted. Onsite fitness facilities. Conclusion While concluding, it can be said that the Oil and Gas industry is largely contributing in energy resource for a developed country like the United Kingdom. From its structure, it has been identified that power generation, transmission networks and distribution are the core operations. On the other hand, from the types of supply chain it is evident that refining and liquefaction are the distinguishing factors between petroleum industry and natural gas industry. While comparing and contrasting the characteristics of NOCs and IOCs, it has been found that one sector is trying to create competitive essence through benchmarking and the other sector is associated with risk determination in terms of investment. Finally, with the rapid expansion of Oil and Gas Industry, it is evident that the sector provides high career growth opportunities for candidates. Reference List Arapostathis, S., Carlsson-Hyslop, A., Pearson, P.J., Thornton, J., Gradillas, M., Laczay, S. and Wallis, S., 2013. Governing transitions: Cases and insights from two periods in the history of the UK gas industry.Energy Policy,52, pp.25-44. Bergh, L.I.V., Hinna, S., Leka, S. and Jain, A., 2014. Developing a performance indicator for psychosocial risk in the oil and gas industry.Safety science,62, pp.98-106. Cruz, A.M. and Krausmann, E., 2013. Vulnerability of the oil and gas sector to climate change and extreme weather events.Climatic change,121(1), pp.41-53. Demski, C., Poortinga, W. and Pidgeon, N., 2014. Exploring public perceptions of energy security risks in the UK.Energy Policy,66, pp.369-378. Dholakia, U.M., Mittal, V., Han, K. and Dayal, A., 2015. Results from the Oil Gas Services Sector: The 2015 Strategy and Corporate Performance in the Energy Industry (SCOPE) Study. SSRN, 43, pp.16-31. Fidler, C. and Noble, B., 2012. Advancing strategic environmental assessment in the offshore oil and gas sector: Lessons from Norway, Canada, and the United Kingdom.Environmental Impact Assessment Review,34, pp.12-21. Ghandi, A. and Lin, C.Y.C., 2014. Oil and gas service contracts around the world: a review.Energy Strategy Reviews,3, pp.63-71. Kern, F., Kuzemko, C. and Mitchell, C., 2014. Measuring and explaining policy paradigm change: the case of UK energy policy.Policy politics,42(4), pp.513-530. Logan, J., Lopez, A., Mai, T., Davidson, C., Bazilian, M. and Arent, D., 2013. Natural gas scenarios in the UK power sector.Energy Economics,40, pp.183-195. Merrill, T.W. and Schizer, D.M., 2013. The shale oil and gas revolution, hydraulic fracturing, and water contamination: a regulatory strategy.Columbia Law and Economics Working Paper, (440). Mitchell, J.V. and Mitchell, B., 2014. Structural crisis in the oil and gas industry.Energy Policy,64, pp.36-42. Pollitt, M.G. and Haney, A.B., 2013. Dismantling a competitive electricity sector: The UKs electricity market reform.The Electricity Journal,26(10), pp.8-15. Ruqaishi, M. and Bashir, H.A., 2013. Causes of delay in construction projects in the oil and gas industry in the gulf cooperation council countries: a case study.Journal of Management in Engineering,31(3), p.05014017. Shuen, A., Feiler, P.F. and Teece, D.J., 2014. Dynamic capabilities in the upstream oil and gas sector: Managing next generation competition.Energy Strategy Reviews,3, pp.5-13. Tang, X., Snowden, S. and Hk, M., 2013. Analysis of energy embodied in the international trade of UK.Energy Policy,57, pp.418-428. Tordo, S., Warner, M., Manzano, O. and Anouti, Y., 2013.Local content policies in the oil and gas sector. World Bank Publications. Yusuf, Y.Y., Gunasekaran, A., Musa, A., Dauda, M., El-Berishy, N.M. and Cang, S., 2014. A relational study of supply chain agility, competitiveness and business performance in the oil and gas industry.International Journal of Production Economics,147, pp.531-543. Yusuf, Y.Y., Gunasekaran, A., Musa, A., El-Berishy, N.M., Abubakar, T. and Ambursa, H.M., 2013. The UK oil and gas supply chains: An empirical analysis of adoption of sustainable measures and performance outcomes. International Journal of Production Economics,146(2), pp.501-514.